Most martial arts systems have a series of guards or wards: positions that are way-points or decision-points representing beginnings and endings of attacks and defenses. One should not linger in a guard, but the positions have good offensive and defensive options and provide a combatant with an opportunity to size up an opponent and decide what to do next.

Viking combatants began in a relaxed stance with the shields nearly parallel, rather than flat on to the opponent. This position gives a combatant a clear view of the opponent, with the shield in an aggressive, forward position. This position puts the forward edge of the shield well away from the combatant's body, where it can deflect or otherwise spoil an incoming attack well before it reaches its target.

Plow guard (left) with the sword point aimed at the opponent's face and well suited for thrusting.

Ox guard (right) with the sword held alongside the head like the horn of the ox and aimed at the opponent's face. The later manuals suggest that this a very versatile guard.

Change guard (left) with the sword held along side the combatant's leg, hidden behind his shield and body. The opponent has a hard time seeing the sword in this guard.

High guard (right), a guard that threatens a powerful downward attack.

The shield can be placed in the outside guard, as shown in all the photos above, or in the inside guard, as shown to the right. The sword arm must pass over the shield arm for the higher guards and under it for the lower guards.

Guards represent positions that not only permit a variety of attacks, but offer a defense against likely attacks. A guard such as the one shown to the right is unwise. It allows a strong attack. It invites an attack, which can be desirable in some circumstances. However, it does not permit an effective defense. There is no strong defense against the obvious attack of coming in under the blade to grapple.